Sino-Manchu War (Chinese Civil War)

The Sino-Manchu War was a civil war in China fought between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China (ROC) and the Qing Royalist-led Government of the Empire of China (no relation to Yuan Shikai's Empire of China). The civil war began after the victory against Japan in 1945, where Chiang Kai-Shek put down an ultimatum for Warlords across the nation, and the communists, to "surrender, or to be wiped out entirely." All warlords were subdued, and with not much more fighting, the Communist Party of China became a legal opposition party of the Republic of China.

However, the remnants of the former Japanese puppet of Manchukuo did not submit so; Chiang Kai-Shek did not think of them as warlords. In combination with the growing Qing Restorationist movement growing in China at the time, the Nationalist Government had concerns about another Civil War.

In 8th August 1946, Puyi, along with now Pro-Qing Zhang Xueliang, declared the establishment of the Empire of China and declared war on the Nationalist Government, claiming them as the illegitimate government of China. Seeing this as an opportunity to consolidate their power in China with the fledgling Royalist Government, the Soviets provided aid for the Qing.

Nationalist China
The post-war China suffered from multiple problems, including unrest, a poor industry, and a very high illiteracy rate. Furthermore, the NRA had worn itself down by a large amount after the 2nd Sino-Japanese war, meaning internal stability would be hard to maintain. Chiang Kai-Shek, however, decided that if his regime took down any rival regimes, the Nationalist Government would consolidate power in China and would be able to regain lost territories such as Hong Kong, or Guangzhouwan.

Through economical reforms, industrialization and mandatory education for all, China was able to progress further that it had a industrial level above it's own level during the Nanjing decade. The Army Reforms of 1946 were important for the victory of the Nationalists - through military advisors from the United States, China was intending to introduce mass mobilization technology to it's large army, with mass production of truck and transportation. However, due the large nature of the NRA, both mobilization and mechanization were at a slow rate. Nevertheless, China had advanced from a mostly agricultural state to a more industrial state.

Qing Restorationists
Through a lend-lease system, the Qing armies were trained by Soviet standards and were entirely equipped with Soviet weaponry. However, due to the failed industrialization of the Northeast of China, ammunition and supplies were scarce, often causing problems with the operation of the Qing armies.

The Peiping (Beijing) Incident
Increasing tensions between the two regimes prompted both to station more troops near Beijing, preparing for a clash between the two.

On the evening of July 2nd 1947, a NRA Xianbing (Military Police) patrol was patrolling the Xicheng district of Peiping, and faced a group of Qing soldiers at a government building, placing "suspicious items down". The patrol issued a verbal warning, only to be faced by rifle gunfire, and returned fire. Throughout the city, many government buildings were blown up, and this caused wide-spread panic.

The same patrol that instigated the firefight between them and the Qing soldiers were faced with artillery fire and were entirely wiped out but the commanding officer. The next day, the Qing Restorationist movement declared war on the Nationalists, claiming that "(they) mistreated their citizens and it is up to use to return the rightful place of the Mandate of Heaven".

The War Begins
By 5th July, the NRA had mobilized the New 8th, New 87th and 16th Field Armies to Beijing with artillery support and air support from positions near Pinggu, whom the Qing suffered heavy casualties from. The Qing moved the "Mythical Tiger" division to a battle of Chengde with the 24th Battalion of the New 8th, but under a quick blitzkrieg movement devised by Sun Li-Jen, Chengde was retaken and placed under Nationalist control. This was known as the "crab rave maneuver" as the moving troops on paper looked like multiple crab's pincers attacking the enemy in one succession.

Continuous attempts by the Qing to retake Beijing in October and November were futile, and the Qing High Command was forced into a war of attrition against the technologically advanced NRA.

War of Attrition
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Support for the Nationalists
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Support for the Qing
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